I write this article a month in advance. I wanted to keep my tightly tirade for March 17, the 150th anniversary of the unification of Italy, a subject very dear to me. Yet I can not have too much disgusted with the performances (see yesterday Benigni in San Remo) and the celebrations that are preparing for months now.
On March 17, 1861 was declared the unification of Italy under King Vittorio Emanuele. The Risorgimento in Italy began with the famous Five Days of Milan (18-22 March 1848) to create the first Independence War against the Austrians. The Austrian General Radetsky was imprisoned in the Quadrilateral (Verona-Mantova-Peschiera-Legnago), together with Venice insurgent. Also in 1848, Daniele Manin said the birth of the Republic of San Marco (although it was not the Republic). Carlo Alberto, King of the Kingdom of Sardinia, was called to intervene in Milan in order to avoid the birth of a republic. Really went to Milan to strengthen its authority, but only to give life to a war of expansion of the Piedmont and the design, in fact, was to wrest the Lombardo-Veneto Austria Austria through diplomatic channels as a nation very stronger. Many volunteers were sent by the State of the Church, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and Naples, but almost all were withdrawn immediately (the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was struggling with separatist uprisings in Sicily, Tuscany and the Republic Fiorentina Montanelli, and Guarrazzi Mazzani and the Papal States with the Roman Republic of Mazzini, Saffi, and Armellini and in any event, the pope retraced his steps because he could not make war on Austria catholic). The Piedmontese were defeated in Custoza August 9, 1848 and ended the first phase of Guerra.Il March 23, 1849 shooting war always with Carlo Alberto, but were again defeated at the Battle of Novara. The same day, Charles Albert abdicated in favor of his son Vittorio Emanuele.
In this period there was an exploit of motions Mazzini, for example, the case of the Martyrs of Belfast and the unfortunate brothers and Flag Pisacane but none of them came to fruition even though they were better equipped Garibaldi and the Thousand accurate (a fact strangely enough). In the Kingdom of Savoy is seen climbing to the Chairman of the Board of Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, whose domestic policy is beyond the scope covered by this article. Suffice it to say that he began as Minister of Finance, then as Minister of Agriculture, was part of Liberal-Moderate and supplanted the D'Azeglio government with the famous 'connubbio' with Urbano Rattazzi. In foreign policy, however, participated in the side of France and England against Russia in the Crimean War. He was criticized for its entry into the war at first sight useless but with the second order to obtain the Lombardy-Venetia from Austria, which certainly would help the Russia (but then declared himself neutral and surprise this was one of the reasons for isolation in Austria during the First World War), in a post-war peace treaty. Although he had won the war, and unable to advance territorial claims on Austria, managed to report the problem of Italian unification in terms of international. So, Cavour gained by Napoleon III, Emperor of France after Paris il'48, the signature of the Treaty of plumbers (July 1858) which provided as follows:
- France would intervene in a hypothetical war only if it is the Austro-Piedmontese Austria was the attacking.
- The consequent victory, Piedmont would obtain the Kingdom of Upper Italy
- France would have gained the kingdoms of Central led by his cousin Jerome Bonaparte over Nice and Savoy.
- The Papal State was dismembered and the Pope was put in charge of a confederation on the German model
- The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies would have been unaffected, but would be tempted to put on the throne of Bourbon, a descendant of Joachim Murati , former king of Naples during the Napoleonic period.
remained, therefore, only lead to Austria in order to be attacked and to receive the help of Napoleon III. So far the militarized Cavour Piedmont squads everywhere. Austria, who was unaware of the Treaty of plumbers, he gave an ultimatum to Piedmont and ordered to demilitarize its borders. Cavour, of course, refused, Austria attacked Piedmont, Napoleon III left the same day and there was the War of Independence (April 26, 1859). To remember the battle of San Fermo, Varese, Solferino and San Martino. But something unexpected happened: Between May and June 1859, the sovereigns of the Duchies of Modena, Parma and the Grand Duke Leopold of Tuscany escaped. In Bologna and Modena were formed provisional governments requesting the annexation to Piedmont. Napoleon, therefore, could no longer get the land as set out in Central Italy and plumbers, also suffered serious losses especially at Solferino (nearly 20,000 men). Thus, Napoleon, Vittorio Emanuele and the Austrians signed the Armistice of Villafranca (July 8, 1859) without the knowledge of Cavour. The armistice provided that Lombardy was French (which was filmed in California) and a return of at least the previous rulers in central Italy. This did not happen. The Interim Government of Modena, Parma, Bologna and Florence formed a joint force. In March 1860, therefore, appealed to the plebiscite, which sanctioned the annexation to the United di Savoia in Modena, Parma dell 'Emilia Romagna and Tuscany.
After the Second War of Independence (which was considered a failure in spite of the conquest of Lombardy and Central Italy) still lacked the Valle d'Aosta, Trentino, Veneto, the State of the Church and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. To conquer the South Italy, Cavour, Garibaldi, who financed the campaign from the port of Quarto (GE) with its famous thousand men. It was backed by England of course. On May 11, 1860, Garibaldi landed at Marsala in a Kingdom of Two Sicilies in crisis for the uprising in Palermo Francresco Rice and Rosalino Pilo. The Garibaldi defeated the Bourbons at Calatafimi and Milazzo, conquered the island and declared the dictatorship in order not to think that Cavour was a republican Mazzini (June 20, 1860). Garibaldi and Vittorio Emanuele then made a combined attack, Garibaldi went on his expedition from the south to the north winning the first Calabria (August 20, 1860) and entering in Naples September 7, 1860 (on board a train to the capital city of Naples who had mocked the Napoli-Portici first railroad steam locomotive and the first since 1839 away while they barely knew what the coal), Vittorio Emanuele from north to south tearing the Umbria and Marche to the Church at the Battle of Castelfidardo (18 September 1860) and then meet in Tean (EC), where Garibaldi gave Vittorio Emanuele throughout the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies since then then he saw in a crisis that continues today. Let's go back, so at the beginning of the article. After the annexation of southern populations plebiscite, Umbria and Marche, March 17, 1861, proclaimed himself the first Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy with Torino capital, the Albertine Statute and Constitution as King Vittorio Emanuele.
As you can see even without much critical spirit, the celebration of March 17 is quite ephemeral. At that time, was still missing the Veneto, Trentino, Valle d'Aosta and the Papal appeal. The Veneto was annexed to Italy after the Third War of Independence (1866), the Papal States finally collapsed with the famous Porta Pia Breach September 20 1870 and the Trentino and Valle d'Aosta in 1919 were Italian at the end of the First World War and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. For the purpose of my objection to the celebration of March 17 as a national holiday is not important to know the conditions and causes in the details that complete the puzzle Italian.
I think it is appropriate to review all stages of the history of Italian unification even if you can be sure that about 3 / 4 of those who celebrate monkeys as blind, deaf and mute War Expansion Piemontese know almost nothing of this, seen as a revolutionary hero Garibaldi, Mazzini as a martyr of free thought and Cavour a champion of justice and freedom. As it can be seen from the entries of the official history that I have set out above, this unification was that no more expansion, colonization by the Kingdom of Savoy. The target of this whole campaign has been especially fierce to the unification of the South, the South was the greatest power in Europe after England were rich, all'avangurdia destination for intellectuals and philosophers. They wrote the story so that the policy of the Bourbons was made to appear backward, with a heavy and exhausting bureaucracy. None of that. King Ferdinand IV was a liberal who was put in a pocket or Cavour Ricasoli, who made Naples to live most of his glory. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was the richest and most advanced pre-unitary state and the most populated. He was the third in the world merchant fleet, and this led to unprecedented job working with workers from Piedmont, Lazio, Tuscany and Liguria. Naples was the first Italian city to the number of printers (113), for publication of newspapers, magazines, music conservatories and theaters as well as the first state to implement compulsory education (to the face that give estimates with an average of illiteracy ' 85% in the South, with peaks of 90% in Sicily). In addition, young people could get married without asking permission from their parents and women were not forced to bring dowry. Naples was the first astronomical observatory, was the first telegraph Italian, the first city in Italy with gas lighting (third in Europe after London and Paris) as well as the first steamship in Italy and the world's first transatlantic connecting Palermo to New York. This is the little that comes to mind, to learn more, go here , here, here and here.
The unity of Italy is a mask of infamy, rhetoric, meaningless ideas of freedom and equality. Another was not a settlement. Yes, the South is only a colony of the North. "They" were the civilizing and "us" to conquer the ignorant. The South is a Commonwealth, not just an aggregate has now conquered the South has proceeded to loot and to kill, it is now open Fenestrelle concentration camp where most died there in all of Italy south during the civil war of '45. Since then the gap began economic, political and moral that is still alive. The South was deprived of its history, its traditions and culture. They threw away the memory of South Asia. We wanted to create the image dellla slave who is not really a slave, is free and his condition was never better than this. This is the message that these campaigns launched by pro-unity. Despite missing several important areas, for example, has proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy just after the conquest of the South to begin to eradicate from the minds southern any kind of independence, autonomy or intellectuality. Their mind has been torn by inculcating them with the belief that they are really inferior, their cities destroyed, their inhabitants deported and their women raped. But there are no memories of it. There is, indeed, the prank to celebrate their killing. The Kingdom of Italy is a scam and a colony. When a nation does not join it means that it has failed. Therefore must be destroyed.
But, you say, how can you not have recovered after 150 years? If they were really the most powerful fleet in Europe, how come they sold to Umin thousand unarmed and unable to fight? The truth is that Garibaldi's Mille hannno not have to do is move forward. The clash was not at all. The Bourbons could crush the Army of Brancaleone miserable like a fly. Did not happen. Naples, the capital of the intellectuals, could not help but recall exponents of Freemasonry which did not attack their brethren (as happened in the American Revolutionary War). The clashes were absolutely ridiculous. The Neapolitan Masonry, however, was contrary to the government of the Bourbons that they wanted to organize a plebiscite instead of destroying it definitely fake but peaceful, as in Emilia Romagna, Tuscany, Umbria and Marche. The Bourbons were brutally beaten and killed on 1 October 1860 at the Battle of the Volturno by partisans (of which no one was Italian. All African, Swiss and German) and English Freemasonry, of course, had every incentive to conquer a land so important for businesses on the Mediterranean.
In conclusion, the unification of Italy is based on treason, and on altering the minds of the documents, and submission on the plots. It is based on exploitation, violence and the evil. I certainly do not feel Italian, I do not want to be the son of reality in this and certainly boycott any celebration. I do not celebrate 150 years of subjugation and you?
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